Background : inflammasome protein govern the inflammatory process. The ele vation of NLRP3 inflammasome might be related to bad seminal fluid analysis results. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate seminal plasma NLRP3 protein and its relation with seminal fluid analysis parameters before and after in vitro sperm activation. Patients and Methods: a total of 50 infertile patients were collected form higher institute of infertility diagnosis and assisted reproductive technique, there se men samples were processed for seminal fluid analysis before and after in vitro sperm activation. NLRP3 inflammasome protein were measured in seminal plas ma. Results: the mean level of NLRP3 protein was 5.12 ng/ml. the higher level of NLRP3 protein (4.5ng/ml) associated with lower sperm concentration, grade A, B, C and higher level of grade D motility. However, 50% of those patients have an improvement in their seminal fluid analysis after in vitro sperm activation. Conclusion: Elevation of NLRP3 protein in seminal plasma may be associated with the increased leukocytospermia, bad sperm quality and unresponsiveness to in vitro sperm activation among infertile male.
Human peptidoglycan recognition protein-1 (PGLYRP‐1) protein molecule activation in the semen of infertile patients has been suggested to induce a negative impact on seminal fluid analysis. This study aimed to evaluate Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 for indication of bad seminal fluid analysis parameters. One hundred seventy-six infertile patients were included in this study. Seminal fluid analysis and Endtz test were done; Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 in seminal plasma using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay technology PGLYRP‐1 is evident in seminal plasma of infertile men and statistically different according to the type of infertility. The concentration of PGLYRP-1 in the semen is directly proportional to the presence of leukocytes (Endtz test), which is reflected negatively on the quality of the semen. To the best of our knowledge, this study has not been done in Iraq or elsewhere. The presence of PGLYRP-1 protein in the semen may be evidence of leukocytospermia that may be related to bad quality for semen across infertile men with higher sensitivity than the Endtz test.
Background: Oligozoospermia is one of male infertility type which related with sperm lowering count in seminal fluid under limited reference. There are many factors leads to oligozoospermia like, congenital defects, endocrinal disorders, genetic abnormalities, immunological factors , life style , or in some cases unknown reasons. Immune and some non-immune cells produce immuno-chemical messengers proteins called (Interleukins) work as alerts proteins and contribute in immune body defend. These mediators found in all body fluids, also found in seminal fluid,and it’s presence of certain concentrations reflects the state of health of the body. Objective:Measure the level of interleukin-6 in fertile (normospermia) and infertile (Oligozoospermia). Materials and Methods: Microscopically and macroscopically ejaculates analysis according to WHO (2010) criteria for eighty -seven ejaculate from normospermia and oligozoospermia patients with age rang (21-47)yrs. , in duration of ( Nov-2013 to Mar-2014), study divide in to three groups according to the concentration ranges in to (normospermia > 15X 106 cells/ml), (Mild to Moderate Oligozoospermia 15-5 X106cells/ml) , (Severe Oligozoospermia< 5X106). Then store all samples in(-20 ) , IL-6 was detected through the (ELISA) specific way and kit . Results: Interleukin-6level is less in normospermia group than Oligozoospermia groups at (P<0.05), IL-6 level not correlated with sperm count, except weak correlation in severe group at (P≤ 0.05) and (t α=0.05). Conclusions: There are no correlation between IL-6 level and sperm cells concentration but the variation of interleukin-6 level among the groups indicate that some sperms parameters influence on interleukin-6 levels among the groups like sperm motility or morphology and also that the causative factors which lead to oligozoospermia also effect on IL-6 level and effect on spermatogenesis .
Background: White blood cell are present in most human ejaculates, but leukocytospermia may reflect an underlying pathological condition. This study evaluated the relationship between leukocytospermia and standard semen parameters. Objectives: To investigate the presence of correlation between the leukocytospermia, sperm motility and sperm concentration in infertile Iraqi men. Methods: A total of 154 semen analyses of infertile men were included in this study. All semen analysis were performed within 1 hour, Data were collected for sperm motility type A and B, concentration of both leukocyte and spermatozoa. The mean numbers of motile sperms and the leukocytes were obtained for each specimen. 10 micro liter of seminal fluid were transferred on a slid and covered by a cover slip, then the mean number of motile sperm, leukocyte and concentration were obtained by reading 25 Microscopic fields. Results: The results indicated a significant relationship between the reduction in the number of leukocytes and the increase in the number of motile spermatozoa and sperm concentration r = -0.731 and r = - 0.77 respectively. But the mean number of motile sperms was weakly correlated with the sperm concentration r = 0.58. Conclusion: Both the mean number of motile sperms and sperm concentration were significantly correlated with the increasing number of leukocytes. That refers to improvement in motile sperm and sperm concentration with the reduction of leukocytes.
Background: Seminal fructose is derived from the seminal vesicle and is therefore a suitable marker for its function. Fructose is the energy source for sperm and may have an importance in pathological conditions of semen, e.g. in asthenozoospermia. Objective: To find out if there is a correlation between seminal plasma fructose level and sperm concentration and motility in infertile Iraqi men. In addition, the study assessed the reliability of using seminal fructose concentration as indicator of seminal vesicles function. Patients and Methods: Forty six infertile men, free from infectious disease or endocrine disorders, were selected for the study. Control group, selected from couples with proven male fertility, were 10 fertile men. Semen samples, collected from theses fertile and infertile men, were analyzed for general seminal fluid examination and fructose concentration determination. Results: Seminal fructose has been noticed to have significant negative correlations with sperm count, with percentage of motile sperm and with absolute number of motile sperms. These negative correlations may be due to increased rate of fructolysis with higher sperm count and motility or due to an endocrine cause related to relatively high FSH in infertile men. To use seminal plasma fructose as a marker for seminal vesicles function, a correction for the opposing factors that affect fructose level such as sperm count and motility is carried out. Corrected seminal fructose is positively correlated with the total number of motile sperm. Furthermore, a positive correlation between true corrected fructose and the percentage as well as the total number of motile sperm has been found. Conclusion: Seminal fructose level has an inverse correlation with sperm count and percentage and number of motile sperm in the study group. Seminal fructose is a good marker of seminal vesicle function after using the correction formulae.
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia is a prevalent cause of male infertility. (iOAT). It is generally acknowledged that, due to the fact that spermatogenesis is a sex-hormone-dependent process, specific endocrine treatments might enhance or recover male fertility. The typical negative feedback of sex steroids is disrupted by anti-estrogen medication, leading to a rise in endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion (FSH and LH) straight from the pituitary. The stimulation of Leydig cells in the testes by FSH and LH is thought to promote local testosterone synthesis, which in turn may improve spermatogenesis. The study sample consisted of 42 iOAT patients. Baseline seminal fluid analysis (SFA) and hormonal assessment (FSH, LH, prolactin, and testosterone) were taken. Each patient was given medical treatment with tamoxifen (20 mg/day) for three months. SFA, FSH, and testosterone were taken after three months. There was a significant increase in FSH, testosterone, sperm concentration, and progressive motility after treatment (p value <0.001), furthermore, there was no significant correlation between hormonal changes and changes in SFA study markers (p value > 0,05). Improvements in hormone levels following tamoxifen treatment for patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia do not correlate with alterations in SFA markers.
Background: The immune infertility caused by anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs) represented about 1020%- of infertility among the couples, the ASAs interfere with sperm parameters such as the sperm motility and sperm ability to penetrate cervical mucus, sperm-oocyte binding, and fertilization and embryo developments. Objectives: The present study designed to assess semen analysis, presence of ASAs and DNA fragmentation index as well as correlation within these parameters in normzoospermic Iraqi subjects Patients, Materials and Methods: A total number of Iraqi subjects (116) with range of age (2051-) years and their mean duration of infertility (4.70 ± 2.77). Seminal fluid for Macroscopic and Microscopic assessments done according to WHO 2010 criteria. The mixed agglutination reaction (MAR) test used to assess theirASAs in semen (direct method), seminal plasma and serum (indirect method); for the both IgG and IgA classes of antibodies and their distribution among different parts of spermatozoa as percentage. Results: The mean of IgG using direct method was (23.881.75±) and for indirect detection method the mean was (27.412.41±) with no significant difference (P<0.05) between the two methods. While the direct method for IgA detection mean (14.46 ±1.76) and the mean for indirect method of detection (6.860.39±) and there was significant difference (P>0.05) between the two methods. In addition to that, the distribution of IgG and IgA detected by direct method on sperm parts showed no significance difference except for the sperm tail; while the indirect method for IgA and IgG showed significant difference in distribution on sperm mid-piece. Conclusion: The correlation among sperm parameters and Immunoglobulin using direct and indirect methods showing variations in significance also in the correlation between the direct and indirect methods according to distributions on sperm surface
One-half of the genome is delivered by the sperm, and a healthy sperm is needed for fertilization, fetal development, and child wellbeing. Abnormal sperm DNA can impact any of these processes. The measurement of sperm DNA fragmentation has been added to some medical andrology laboratories as a crucial addition to the standard analysis of the semen. Sperm DNA fragmentation has also been linked to male infertility including idiopathic male infertility. Some degree of controlled DNA nicking is essential for adequate DNA compaction, but excessive sperm DNA fragmentation is usually associated with reduced male fertility potential, reduced fertilization, poor embryo quality, recurrent pregnancy loss and poor assisted reproductive techniques outcomes. Semen samples from 50 infertile males (as 19 asthenozoospermia, 7 oligozoospermia, 13 normospermia and 11 combined defects) were analyzed for sperm DNA fragmentation. This study followed the World Health Organization 2010 guidelines to assess the sperm parameters. Sample were collected by masturbation and put in a 37 °C incubator to be liquefied, then they were placed in a centrifuge (3000 rpm for 10 min) to extract the pellet, which was used for assessment of DFI% by anillin blue staining. Negative significant correlation (p = 0.023) between morphologically normal sperms and DFI % was found in normozoospermia group. The objective of this study is to examine the correlation of DFI among different seminal fluid categories (normozoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and, combined).
Background: Infertility is considered one of the main public health issues, as it affects about 15% of the couples of reproductive age. The male factor is involved in 40% - 50% of infertility cases. It is difficult to assess accurately the overall magnitude of the contribution of genetics to infertility as most, if not all, conditions are likely to have a genetic component. The genetic causes of infertility are varied and include chromosomal abnormalities, single gene disorders and phenotypes with multifactorial inheritance. Some genetic factors influence males specifically, whereas others affect both males and females. Frequently, however, in the clinic no clear cause for the observed infertility could be diagnosed which at least in part, it reflects our still poor understanding of the basic mechanisms that regulating and controlling the genetic networks of male infertility. Objective: To study the molecular identification of Azoospermic infertile patients by the gene sequencing of NR5A1. Subjects, Materials and Methods: A study carried out during the period from November 2014 to June 2015. Fifty specimens were collected from thirty azoospermic patients and twenty normal healthy subjects (normozoospermic subjects) as control their age ranged between 23 and 48 years old, the seminal fluid of cases indicated that liquefaction time, color and viscosity equal in normozoospermic subjects (control group) and patient group while there is significant difference P≥0.05 in sperm count reach to more than 20 million and motility reach to more than > 25% in control subjects while there is no sperm count found in azoospermic patients. Then blood was collected for hormonal assay, in azoospermic patients the results revealed a gradual decrease in serum testosterone levels with a concomitant increase in serum follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level when compared with control subjects . NR5A1 gene were investigated in 30 samples of extracted DNA from azoospermic patients by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method it can directly detect the NR5A1 gene content after it had been molecularly identified then were sent successfully for sequencing analysis ,this study examined the presence of two transversion and one transition mutation of NR5A1 gene in azoospermic patients compared with control subjects, there’s no mutation in the same gene when compared with gene bank.
In about 40% of infertile couples, the husband was found to be either the single or a contributing cause of infertility and the systemic management ready for those couples with male infertility are restricted. 135 couples with infertility shared herein; the husbands required in vitro activation for their sperm samples, their wives however; had no fertility problem and were submitted ovarian induction protocol. However; Sperm preparation was done using both, the centrifugation indirect swim-up technique with Global medium and density gradient with ALLGrad solution. While ALLGrad 45% is a ready-to-be-used upper layer. There was an acceleration in seminal parameters after preparation using both various techniques. So, a highly significant increment (P≤0.001) in the percentages of progressive forward motility was in grades (A and B) and grade (A) progressive sperm motility, also a significant enhancement (P≤0.05) in percentage of morphologically normal sperms when applying density gradient mechanism in relation to centrifugation swim-up technique. This study concludes that the use of density gradient mechanism with ALLGrad solution and Global culture medium are more efficient in achieving better percentages of progressive forward motility grades (A and B), grade (A) progressive motility and morphologically normal values of spermatozoa than centrifugation indirect swim-up technique by using Global culture medium. However, it was found there was a non-significant difference when we use both techniques concerning other sperm parameters.
Background: All men have the natural desire to have their own biological children. Cryopreservation of male gametes is an important aspect of human fertility preservation. With the advancement in assisted reproductive technology, indication for sperm cryopreservation is expanding. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of cryopreservation by using Sperm Freeze TM kit on some sperm parameters for infertile patients. Materials and methods: Ninety five semen samples were taken from male patients. The seminal fluid analysis was performed according to the standard criteria of WHO (1999). The patients were divided into four groups depending on their sperm concentration and motility: Normozoospermic, oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic patients. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen was done by using Sperm Freeze TM kit for the samples and thawing was performed after three months. Results: In general, the post-thawing study revealed a considerable highly significant (P <0.001) decrease in the sperm parameters which include the means of sperm concentration, sperm motility, progressive motility and normal sperm morphology as compared to that of pre-cryopreservation. Whereas the percentage of immotile sperm was highly significant (p<0.05) increase as compared to pre-cryopreservation in all groups except for oligozoospermic patients in which there was a significant (p<0.05) increase. Conclusions: After semen cryopreservation, all parameters were significantly decreased.
Cigarette smoke contains a substance which is a toxic mutagenic chemical, and carcinogenic compounds, which have a negative effect on male fertility. Smoking cigarettes is associated with noticeably higher levels of the oxidative stress-causing reactive oxygen species in the seminal fluid. Because of this, smoking may cause changes to the sperm plasma membrane and a significant amount of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation. To study the influence of smoking on sperm chromatin immaturity and ICSI outcomes (fertilization rate, embryo grading and pregnancy rate). At the laboratories of the High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies and after 1-7 days of sexual abstinence, 92 males’ sperm samples were taken. After liquefaction, macro-and microscopic studies were carried out, criteria applied by the WHO 2021. Masturbation was used to obtain the sample, which was then placed in sterile containers. The relationship between the smoking and chromatin immaturity and ICSI outcomes have been evaluated. A significant positive correlation between smoking status and sperm chromatin immaturity. Furthermore, there was a negative non-significant correlation between smoking status and fertilization rate. Weak and non-significant correlations between smoking status and embryo grade 2 as well as embryo grade 3. There was a positive association between smoking status and embryo grade 1. The sperm chromatin integrity was significantly lower in the non-smoker group compared to the smoker group.
Background: Male obesity is associated with physiological changes that can negatively affect male fertility. Obese men have demonstrated a 3-fold increase in the prevalence of oligozoospermia when compared with men with normal Body Mass Index (BMI). Objective: To estimate the role of aromatase enzyme in decreasing sperm parameters in obese infertile men. Subjects, Materials and Methods: Seventy obese infertile male (patients) and twenty obese fertile male (control) are enrolled in this study. Seminal fluid analysis done according to criteria of WHO (2010). Results: A significant negative correlation was found between human cytochrome enzyme and sperm concentration, progressively motile sperm, non-progressively motile sperm, immotile sperm and normal morphology. Conclusion: The present study showed clearly that male obesity negatively impacts fertility through direct association between increased (BMI) and semen parameters. The results suggest that increased estrogen as a result of aromatization in the fatty tissue, reflected through the increase in human cytochrome enzyme (aromatase), may be an important mechanism for the hypoandrogenemia and altered sperm parameters.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a polysaccharide, that composed in the extracellular matrix of the cumulus cells, and considered to take function in choosing mature spermatozoa. The Sperm-hyaluronic binding assay (HBA) is significant diagnostic instrument for suspected male infertility when examining the semen. The HBA slide supplies the ratio of mature binding sperm in the specimen. To evaluate sperm parameters, and to evaluate the (HBA Score percentage (%) before and after activation. Twenty-five infertile couples a sharer in this current study through their attendance to the Al Nahrain University. Males undergoing seminal fluid analysis were done according to (WHO 2010, and WHO 1999). Sperm parameters assessed and calculate the HBA Score% pre-and-post-direct swim-up technique, the results were statistically tested. In Post-activation there was considerable increment noticed in the progressive motility and morphology of spermatozoa, likewise significant improvement in the (HBA score %). Furthermore, considerable reduction in the concentration, agglutination of spermatozoa and round cells count, when compared to pre-activation. The mean of binding of spermatozoa to hyaluronan pre-activation (direct swim-up technique) was less than normal limit for normozoospermic males. However, it significantly improves post-activation.
The integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and chromatin is very important for genetic material transmission into offspring. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity and sperm parameters. The current study was conducted on 96 semen samples. This study was done at the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University, for the period between November 2020 and May 2021. The samples were collected, and seminal fluid analysis was performed according to World Health Organization guidelines. Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test was performed. The results showed that the deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation of sperms in infertile men in this study was higher than reported in fertile men in previous studies, indicating deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation (DNA) is actively contributing at least partially to male infertility. In terms of enrolled men, sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation (SDF) showed a significant positive correlation with round cell count.
The ability of human sperm to fertilize can be compromised both in vivo and in vitro by the toxins found in cigarette smoke, which can lower sperm mitochondrial activity and harm chromatin structure. The aim is to study the effect of smoking on the apoptotic marker (caspase-3) of human sperm. A cross-sectional study of 80 semen samples of sub-fertile men, were divided into smokers (35 patients) and non-smokers (45 patients). All the semen samples after seminal fluid analysis underwent HOST test and grading (A-G) according to the WHO 2021 criteria then the slides were smeared and stained with an immunocytochemistry kit for Caspase-3 apoptotic marker. There was no significant effect of smoking in the concentration of caspase-3 expression, in spite of the high presentation of both grades A and G in the smoker group ( p = 0.57, 0.56 respectively). Smoking has a negative impact on the DNA integrity of sperm as it increases the apoptotic marker within the smoker group.
Infertility has been defined as the disability to fulfill pregnancy after twelve months of regular sex coition, with no contraceptive taken. Male factor infertility was explained in terms of low spermatozoa concentration (oligozoospermia), or morphology (teratozoospermia), impaired motility (asthenozoospermia), or in some cases, total lack of spermatozoa in the ejaculate (azoospermia). In several cases, a collection of one, or more of these sperm variables defects may be noticed, evaluation these factors by the initial and most important step is seminal analysis. Our study aims to study some sperm characteristics in asthenozoospermia men in comparison with normozoospermia men before and after glass wool and Sephadex activation. This study involved 60 semen samples collected from male patients that came to male infertility clinic at Al-Nahrain University; the recruited semen samples were divided into 2 groups, (40 asthenozoospermic and 20 normozoospermic subjects). After collected semen samples, and assessed analysis of seminal fluid. Each semen samples were divided into 3 aliquots. The first aliquot prepared was In-Vitro to assessed sperm characterization before activation, the second part using glass wool filtration (GWF) technique, while the last part was prepared using Sephadex. Both techniques resulted equally in reducing sperm concentration, were equally effective in upgrading sperm motility and in minimizing round cell count; however, Sephadex was superior to glass wool method in upgrading the percentage of morphologically normal sperm. Both Sephadex and glass wool techniques has been proved effective to improve semen quality.
This study was designed to assess the effect of different concentrations of L-carnitine and Co enzyme Q10 (COQ10) supplied to SMART Pro-medium on human sperm motility and sperm grade activity ( progressive, non-progressive and immotile) during in vitro sperm activation. Eighty seven samples of semen of infertile and fertile men were randomly collected from the subjects at the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies / Al-Nahrain University. The mean age of the men was (32.034 ± 0.57) years with mean duration of infertility (4.644 ± 0.25) years. Seminal fluid analyses were done involving macroscopic and microscopic examinations according to WHO criteria. Swim-up technique was dependent for in vitro sperm activation , the washed samples were divided before using centrifugation swim-up technique into 3 groups: control group (G1) without L-carnitine and CoQ10. While, in G2, G3 two concentrations of L-carnitine and CoQ10 (20 µg , and 40 µg ) were used. Moreover, all groups within post-activation enriched with SMART-Pro media. The sperm motility and sperm grade activity were evaluated after the addition of L-carnitine and COQ10. The results showed a significant (P<0.05) differences were showed in sperm motility and sperm grade activity of post-activation when compared with the pre-activation. In G2 and G3, with dose of ( 20 µg and 40 µg) of L-carnitine and CoQ10, the results showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the percentages of sperm motility, progressive sperm motility in spite of the increase in the percentages of sperm motility, progressive sperm motility in G3 compared to G2, there was non significant (P>0.05) differences between G2 and G3. The results for non-progressive sperm motility% and total progressive sperm motility millions/ mL. for 40 µg ( G3) groups were significantly (P< 0.05) decreased when compared to control group (G1) with non-significant (P>0.05) differences between 20µg (G2) group, with significant (P< 0.05) decreased in immotile sperm percentage in post-activation when compared to the pre-activation. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the addition of 40 µg of L-carnitine and CoQ10 to washed sperms can improve sperm motility and sperm grade activity in vitro. Data were analyzed statistically using complete randomized design (CRD) (one way ANOVA).
Mitochondria play a significant key in sperm metabolism as well as power generation. The mitochondria nucleolus is essential for several sperm activities. such as sperm capping, hyperactivation, and acrosome reactions, and oocyte fusion, mitochondrial membrane potential can be used to study sperm mitochondrial activity, the mitochondrial integrity of sperm is evaluated by examination of mitochondrial membrane potential MMP, which may be achieved by using fluorescent dyes like JC-1 probe is composed of 5,5,6,6-tetrachloro-1,1,3,3-tcarbocyanine iodide. To study the correlation between mitochondrial membrane potential Red MMP and sperm motility . This study included 42 male samples who were separated into two groups. (21 normozoospermic, 21 asthenozoospermia) through the period of attendance at the infertility clinic at High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University, and Um Al-Banin Center for Management and in vitro fertilization the collected semen was obtained and seminal fluid analysis was assisted according to (WHO,2021). fluorescent staining of the sample prepared is done by using an MMP Assay Kit (with JC-1) was performed. A positive significant correlation between sperm motility percentage and red MMP intensity (p < 0.001). Mitochondrial activity plays an essential function in sperm motility and male fertility Male infertility, Sperm Motility, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, MMP Assay Kit (with JC-1).
Intrauterine insemination (IUI), it is a type of artificial insemination, used to treat infertility by which the Sperm that have been prepared and placed directly into the woman’s uterus around the time of ovulation. The main purpose of this procedure is to enable the sperm to swim into the fallopian tubes and fertilize a ready egg in order to lead to a natural pregnancy. IUI can be coordinated with the normal cycle with fertility or medications depending on the reasons for infertility The IUI outcome still low about 20-25% so adding number of biochemical factors to the culture medium which are essential to regulate the fertility potential of spermatozoa, for example, platelet-activating factor (PAF) which is a unique and novel signaling phospholipid that has multiple biologic properties have been tried. To determine the effect of adding the PAF into the culture medium to prepare and activate the semen samples of non-male factor infertility (normal semen analyses). This study was carried out in the Infertility Unit, AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital, Al-Nassirya City, through the period from 30th of October 2020 till 17th of April 2021. The study included thirty couples who are complaining from infertility (they failed to conceive after one year at least of regular unprotected intercourse. The frequency distribution of enrolled infertile men with normozoospermia Baseline characteristics of seminal fluid analysis of males with normozoospermia those with PAF are Semen volume ml, pH, Sperm concentration before million/ml, Sperm motility %, morphologically normal sperm %, were Mean ±SD (3.10 ±1.23, 7.39 ±0.03, 46.67 ±15.31, 1.33 ±3.52, 36.00 ±5.07) respectively. Certain sperm parameters were highly improved after in vitro activation by PAF medium of Normozoospermic samples.
Background: Zygote produce from once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell. Then, the zygote (unicellular) will begin chain of cellular cleavages to produce multicellular mass, its embryo, the differentiated to different tissues and organism. The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis. Coenzyme Q10, is an antioxidant produced in the body. It boosts cellular energy and may enhance the immune system. CoQ10 is present and measurable in seminal fluid, the concentration of CoQ10 directly correlates with both sperm count and motility. It is beneficial in the prevention and treatment a wide range of health problems. Objectives: The present study was aimed to investigate the possibility of using coenzyme Q10 to improvein vitro fertilization (IVF), and early embryonic development (ED) in mice as a model for human being. Methods: Superovulation program was achieved to mature healthy female mice with age 10-12 weeks and weight 24-26 gm. After sacrificing female, oocytes were collected and incubated within CO2 incubator for less than 1 hour. Sperm were collected from vas deference of males. Sperm parameters were assessed after 30 min. ofincubation. Mature oocytes were divided into three groups according to theconcentrations of CoQ10 including G1 (control group; SMART medium only), G2 (treated group; SMART medium enriched with 20 M CoQ10) and G3 (treated group; SMART medium enriched with 40 M CoQ10). IVF technique was performed for 3 groups, and assessment of IVF (%), embryonic development stage (%) and abnormal embryo morphology (%) for each embryo stage. Results: Results of the present study appeared significant increment (P<0.05) in the percentages of IVF for both treated groups as compared to the control groups. Also, significant increase (P<0.0P) in the IVF (%) was observed when using 40 M CoQ10 as compared to 20 M CoQ10. Non significant differences (P>0.05%) in the 8-cells embryo stage were assessed among control and treated groups. Conclusion: From the results of the present study it wasconcluded that the coenzyme Q10 (40µM) enriched to the culture medium improved percentage of in vitro fertilization and no effect on embryonic development.
The structural elements like the “blood-testis barrier” (BTB) and systemic and local tolerance mechanisms help to maintain testicular homeostasis, which shields germ cells and mature sperms from immune attack. Any damage to this barrier could result in an immune attack and may lead to infertility. This study aims to look at the correlation between male infertility and immunological factors (IL-17, IL-25, and anti-sperm antibody). During the months of October 2021 and July 2022, a total of 144 samples were taken from patients who sought to have infertility tested. The subjects' semen specimens were taken in order to perform the ELISA tests for IL-17, IL-25, and ASA. The levels of ASA, IL-17, and IL-25 differed significantly (P≤ 0.05) across study groups, according to the results of immunological parameters. The results of the correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between IL-17 and IL-25, but not between those two interleukins and ASA. Although there was theoretically a positive link in this study, it was very weak and not significant. The findings suggest that IL-17, IL-25, and ASA influence seminal fluid parameters, which in turn affect male fertility.
Background: One of the major concerns among the male reproductive health is the inability to achieve parenthood even after regular unprotected intercourse. The efficiency of the sperm selection techniques is expressed as the concen-tration of spermatozoa with normal motility. Discontinuous density gradient centrifugation (DGC) method widely used over the last decade due to effec-tiveness and reproducibility in recovering most motile sperm, which separates sperm based on their motility, size, and density differential. Glutathione act as an amino acid donor during spermatogenesis. If the levels of glutathione are too low during spermatogenesis, the number of mature and morphologically normal spermatozoa generated will be decreased. Objectives:The aim of this study was to assess the beneficial role of TAD 600mg Glutathione combined with DGC technique for activation of human sperm of asthenozoospermic, oligozoospermic and normozoospermic subjects compared with the DGC technique alone. Patients, Materials and Methods:Sixty males were involved in this study, di-vided into three groups, (twenty asthenozoospermic, Twenty oligozoospermic and twenty normozoospermic subjects)during their attendance to the Infertility Clinic at High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Tech-nologies; Al-Nahrain University. Semen samples were obtained, and seminal fluid analysis was assessed. Each semen sample was divided into three parts. The first part prepared as in vitro sperm characterization before activation, the second part using density gradient centrifugation technique, while the last part prepared using density gradient centrifugation combined with TAD 600mg Glu-tathione. Results: After in vitro sperm activation for asthenozoospermic, oligozoospermic and normozoospermic samples a significant increase was observed in the sperm function parameters including sperm concentration, motility and morphological-ly normal sperm percentage as compared to pre-activation using combined tech-niques (density gradient centrifugation and TAD 600mg Glutathione) as com-pared to DGC technique alone. Conclusions:TAD 600mg Glutathione combined to the DGC technique was found to give higher significant results on sperm function parameters (sperm concen-tration, motility and morphology) when using a low quality of semen samples such as decreased sperm motility as compared with DGC technique alone.
Exposure to radiation of various forms is one of the many environmental, health, and lifestyle variables that have been linked in recent years to an increase in the rate of male infertility. According to data from several recently published studies, mobile phone use may negatively affect sperm parameters, which may lower male fertility. Ninety-seven samples of semen from fertile and infertile individuals were sent to the "High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Al-Nahrain University in Baghdad, between November 2022 and May 2023. The samples were split into four groups: normozoospermia (n = 40), asthenozoospermia (n = 25), oligozoospermia (n = 16), and teratozoospermia (n = 16). Each group was further divided into two groups based on the amount of time spent using a mobile phone each day: less than 4 hours per day and equal to or more than 4 hours per day. A routine seminal fluid analysis was carried out to measure the sperm parameters and test the deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation rate using an acridine orange stain. Samples exposed to electromagnetic waves of cell phones showed a significant decrease in DNA normality. deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation index (p < 0.001) in normozoospermia patients exposed to more than 4 hours/day of non-ionizing electromagnetic waves. The results of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation index after treatment were shown a significant improvement compared to before the treatment in all fertile and infertile groups. Electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones are associated with a decrease of deoxyribonucleic acid normality when exposure for <4hours/day. The study recommend that men of reproductive age avoid keeping their cell phones in the hip pocket and front pants pocket which may negatively affect spermatozoa deoxyribonucleic acid integrity and impair male fertility.
Background: Tannery work share exposure to solvents and chemicals , which has been linked with inverse pregnancy and fertility outcomes in human being as reported in some studies . Objective: The current study aimed to through some light on the harmful pollutant chemicals effect on tannery workers reproductive health. Literature in this portion are rare in Iraq, so it had been tested the hypotheses that leather workers suffered from male infertility parameters due to the continuous exposure to chemicals that used in this industry. Subjects, Materials and Methods: This study included 60 subjects can divided into 2 groups: 30 males as study group and 30 males as control group, the period of study was between October 2014 to April 2016, the samples were taken from tanneries workers from various governorates of Iraq. Results: The data clearly showed a significant infertility parameters among these workers represented by low total sperm number, low sperm activity the significance levels were within the value of P ≤0.05 accompanied with a significant high seminal fructose. Conclusion: The main conclusion was that chronic exposure to these chemicals in tannery workers especially Cr VI and N,N-dimethyle form amide may cause male infertility parameters.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an anionic, non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. The study included 40 infertile females. A full history taking, complete general examination, complete gynecological examination, and infertility workup including basal hormonal analysis, and uterine cavity assessment by ultrasound and tubal patency evaluation by hysterosalpingogram was done in addition to husband’s seminal fluid analysis. The control group did not receive any ovarian stimulation drugs, while the 2 nd group was treated with letrozole + gonadotropin. The ovarian stimulation protocol was chosen for each patient according to her age, history, and hormonal assay. Evaluation of thickness and pattern of the endometrium, size, and the number of mature follicles was performed by transvaginal ultrasonography on the 2 nd day of the menstrual cycle and cycle day 11-14 before hCG injection. The study showed no correlation between HA and LH at triggering day in women who received letrozole plus Gonadotropin but a positive correlation was documented between HA concentration and E 2 in addition to a positive correlation with progesterone, the number of follicles, and endometrial thickness at the day of triggering of ovulation. The study revealed that mean hyaluronic acid concentration was elevated significantly (P<0.05) in pregnant women after stimulation protocol compared with nonpregnant (164.2 vs. 152.1 pg/ml). HA was significantly higher in women who undergo ovarian stimulation with letrozole which was a good protocol in the treatment of women with ovulatory problems.