Background: Obesity, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health .The effects of obesity on male reproduction have been less well studied than those on female reproduction, but there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that obesity has an adverse effect on male reproduction However, a little is known about the effect of obesity on male reproductive system and infertility. Infertility is defined as inability to achieve conception within one year. It has not yet been clearly established how excess adiposity relates to the biological changes that underlie male infertility, although there are several theories worth exploring. The endocrine abnormalities associated with obesity in women are well known with an increase in androgen metabolism and changing in reproductive hormones in over weight and obese men. Objective: The study aim at assessing the role of obesity in infertile males through measurement of BMI, some of sex hormones. Methods: This study was carried out in Tikrit Teaching Hospital, on the adult male population aged 17-45 years, from September 2013 to April 2014. The recruited cases divided into 90 infertile obese male and 30 normal weights infertile as pathological control group and 30 normal weight fertile men as normal control group.The serum samples willed collect of the patients and measure the concentrations of the sex hormones (FSH, LH, INHB) by using ELISA technique. Body Mass Index Calculation Height (m) and weight (kg). Results: There was no significant correlation between BMI (30.1±93.45, 21.40±5.24,23.24±1.42)kg/m2 in patients group, pathological control group and control group and serum LH level (22.35±12.79, 19.31±9.94, 13.90±8.33) ml U/ml in all three group respectively. There was a significant negative correlation (P< 0.03) between BMI (23.24±1.42)kg/m2 and serum FSH level (7.10±3.77) ml U/ml, in control group. While there was no significant correlation between BMI (30.19±3.45,21.40 ±5.24) kg/m2 and serum FSH level (13.59±15.72, 11.58±14.06) ml U/ml in both patients' group and pathological control group respectively.There was no significant correlation between BMI (30.19±3.45, 21.40±5.24,23.2±1.42) kg/m2and serum INHB level in the patients group, pathological control group and control group (88.8±57.96, 108.51±78.39, 141.65±63.95) pg/ml respectively. Conclusions: The BMI did not correlated with some reproductive hormones (LH, FSH,INHB) in obese infertile males, but there was a significant correlation between the FSH and BMI in control group. In infertile obese group found the highest level of LH, FSH, and the lowest level of INHB comparing with other group in this study.
Background: Achillea millefolium, (Asteraceae) is flowering plant which is popularly known as yarrow. It has been used in folk medicine to treat complaints such as inflammation, pain, wounds, hemorrhages and gastrointestinal disturbances. Objectives: To study the histological changes in uterus and reproductive hormones in female mice delivered to mothers treated with Achillea extract during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Seventy pregnant female mice at age of six weeks were used as a model for this study. The animals were divided into two groups: control (C) (35), and experimental (G) (35) groups. The experimental group was given 1.5 mg/kg alcohol extract of Achillea millefolium dissolved in 1ml distilled water orally for the whole pregnancy, while the (C)was given distilled water only in the same amount and for the same period of time. The number and the body weight of the delivered offspring was recorded, in addition the endometrial thickness, the number and diameter of the uterine glands was measured in the histological sections at puberty. In addition evaluation of FSH, LH and E2 hormones levels were done. Results: The results of this study showed highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in the litter size of the experimental compared to the control group, as well as significant decrease (p<0.05) in the weight of the offspring, the endometrial thickness, the number and diameter of the uterine glands in the (G) compared to the (C). Conclusions: Consumption of low dose Achillea millefolium causes significant decrease in number and weight of the offspring, in addition to its effect on the uterus of the delivered female offspring.
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is the absence of sperm in infertile men ejaculate as a result of significant spermatogenesis defects or hormonal malfunction. PRP intratesticular injection may be employed in assisted reproductive technology as a therapeutic effect for this problem. The aim is to assess the level of spermatogenesis and reproductive hormones after PRP autologous intratesticular injection. 50 non-abstructive azoospermia infertile men participated in the current study. The patients were given an intra-testicular injection of platelet-rich plasma using a 1 ml syringe; FSH LH hormonal levels were estimated; if there was no sperm count, the patient should be prepared for a testicular biopsy by the expert doctor. Small number of sperm may be discovered during a biopsy while the testes are being examined in the lab. The therapeutic benefits were seen in 15 patients 3-4 months after using autologous platelet-rich plasma. The results showed that there was a highly significant difference in FSH and LH hormonal levels after PRP injection P(0.001). PRP can help non-obstructive azoospermic infertile males with their testis' structural and functional dysfunction.
The study aim is to evaluate the predictive rate of positive sperm retrieval of serum concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (TT) in azoospermic patients presenting to High Institute of infertility diagnosis and assisted reproductive technologies. The study records of 65 azoospermic men with who underwent open testicular sperm extraction between February 2017 to April 2019 were studied. The patient’s age, hormonal profile for FSH, LH and TT and testicular histopathology were recorded. The sperm retrieval rate according to histological findings norm-spermatogenesis (NS), hypo-spermatogenesis (HS), maturation arrest (MA) and Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) were recorded as follows: 100%, 75%, 44.4%, and 28.6% respectively. The cutoff value of FSH was (≤ 14.56 mIU/L) with an accuracy level of 73.0%, a sensitivity (66.7 %) and a specificity (79.3 %). The cutoff value of the serum level of LH was (≤ 9.37 mIU/L) with an accuracy level of 78.4%, a sensitivity level of 77.7 % and a specificity level of 72.4 %.
In present study, it was investigated the effect of clomiphene citrate on the ovaries reproductive hormones and embryos of mature female mice, were studied. Female mice treated with (5, 10,50 mg/kg ) daily for 7 days. Results cleared that cross section showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in multi follicular (different numbers )on the right and left ovaries of female mice. In other hand; there were a significant elevation (p<0.05) in the follicle stimulation hormone(FSH), estrogens and progesterone concentration, while, no significant changes were noticed in luteinizing (LH). Conclusions: Clomiphene citrate is the best initial treatment especially in relevance with ovulatory problems (dysfunction), and has a super stimulatory effect on ovulation, thereby increasing the number of recruited follicles in albino female mice rather than affecting the follicular steroidogenic function, and its induce multi follicle ovum forming. Similarly, it has positive affection on gonadotropene hormones, eventually it leads to a twin pregnancy. Combined c with appropriately timed IUI, Clomiphene citrate treatment also increases cycle fecundity in couples with unexplained infertility.
Background: Fibrillin- 3 is a recently discovered hormone.However, there are no studies till now regarding the role of fibrillin-3 hormone on fertilization capacity in infertile pregnant and non-pregnant women. Objectives: The goals of this study are concentrated on the fertilization capacity parameters by examining the effect of in vivo concentration of fibrillin-3 hormone on the ovarians status at different menstrual cycle phases and to elucidate the correlation between the levels of this hormone with pregnant and non -pregnant women following Intrauterine insemination (IUI) outcome or through natural pregnancy. Methods: Sixty infertile couples were involved in this prospective study. The couples were divided according to the type of insemination and ovulation induction program into two groups Group(1): Thirty spouses were subjected to induced ovulation stimulation by using clomiphene citrate(CC) and recommended for natural coitus. Group(2): Thirty couples, the females were induced ovulation stimulation by CC, Gonal F-751U /ml and Fostimon 50IU/ml with IUI. Measurements of Fibrillin-3 with other reproductive hormones were done at different phases of menstrual cycle and for pregnant and non-pregnant women following natural coitus and IUI. Results: The mean of fibrillin-3 hormone level at day 2 of menstrual cycle was 3.7ng/ml (ranged from 3.50 to3.91) in the two groups. The mean of fibrillin-3 hormone at cycle day 13 was 6.6ng/ml( ranged from 5.83to 7.0). Whereas, The basal level of Fibrillin-3 at 14 days post insemination was 3.3ng/ml. The range is from 2.76,395 to 3.29 ng/ml. There was no significant difference in the mean of Fibrillin -3hormone between pregnant and non-pregnant women through the phases of menstrual cycle or between the two groups, but there is a significant value between fibrillin-3 post insemination and E2 day 2 and day 13 P<0.05. Conclusion: The present study concluded that Fibrillin -3 hormone has no role in pregnancy, but it may have a main relationship with estrogens reaction in folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and follicular contents. Therefore, this hormone may be one of the new hormones that interfere with fertilization capacity.
Background: Recently the reproductive hormones, Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), activin A, and follistatin (FS) have been found to play an important role in folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and corpus luteum function by changing the pattern of granulosa cell expression which in turn affects the success of fertilization potential. Objectives: To examine the relation of in vivo concentrations of AMH, activin A, and FS hormones on the ovaries status in the phases of menstrual cycle and to elucidate the relationship of these hormones with pregnancy rate following intrauterine insemination(IUI). Materials and methods: Seventy seven infertile couples were recruited from infertility clinic population at the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies through the period from September 2011 to May 2012. Those infertile couples were divided to 3 groups according to the infertility cause (male factors causes, anovulatory causes and unexplained causes of infertility). Measurements of AMH, activin A, and FS hormones levels were done at cycle day (CD25-). Then measurements of activin A, and FS hormones levels were done only at preovulatory cycle(CD1214-) when the size of the Graffian follicle range between 1824-mm and at least one follicle was present and before hCG injection and at day 28 of the cycle (CD28). IUI was performed 3640- hours after hCG injection then measurement of the three hormones was performed after successful IUI. The result of successful pregnancy was recorded and statistical relation with AMH, activin A and FS hormones was assessed. Results: There was a positive significant correlation between endometrial thickness (ET) and pregnancy rate and the best ET to predict pregnancy is more than 7mm. There was no significant relation (P>0.05) between AMH level and pregnancy rate. A significant correlation was found between follistatin levels in preovulatory (CD 1214-) with a cutoff value 0.20ng/ml to predict pregnancy. There was a significant relation between activin-A level and pregnancy rate with a predictive cut off value 397.5 ng/ml on (CD 28) only. Conclusions: Activin-A can be regarded as a biomarker candidate for diagnosing very early pregnancy at luteal phase following IUI. Follistatin preovulatory (average CD13) has the most predictive value for pregnancy following IUI.