Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate (simply glutamate, water and sodium) and is widely used as food additive and as flavoring agent to increase appetite. The present study was to evaluate the effect of daily oral admiration of (MSG) (100mg/kg/day) for 30day on reproductive system of males and females Swiss albino mice. Forty albino mice weighting about (25-30kg) were used in the present study. The animal were divided in two groups: control group (10 males and 10 females)(n=20) and treated group(males and females) n=20.The body weight of the animals detected at the beginning and the end of experiment. At 30 days animals sacrificed and ovaries, uterus, testis were removed and weighted, Samples of ovaries, uterus testis fixed in 10%formaline for histological study. The final result show highly significant increase in the body weight and show significant decrease in the weight of ovaries and testis. The histological study in the treated group of testis show suppression of spermatogenesis, degenerate of seminiferous tubules and congestion of blood vessels. The histological changes in the ovaries such as congested blood vessels of medulla, increased atretic follicles and uterus show necrosis in perimetrium , presence of lacunae in the uterine wall structure . Conclusions: Monosodium glutamate has negative effect on reproductive system for each sex. So that will effect on the fertility .Also the increased body weight could lead to increase the incidence of congestive heart diseases and diabetes mellitus.
In present study, it was investigated the effect of clomiphene citrate on the ovaries reproductive hormones and embryos of mature female mice, were studied. Female mice treated with (5, 10,50 mg/kg ) daily for 7 days. Results cleared that cross section showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in multi follicular (different numbers )on the right and left ovaries of female mice. In other hand; there were a significant elevation (p<0.05) in the follicle stimulation hormone(FSH), estrogens and progesterone concentration, while, no significant changes were noticed in luteinizing (LH). Conclusions: Clomiphene citrate is the best initial treatment especially in relevance with ovulatory problems (dysfunction), and has a super stimulatory effect on ovulation, thereby increasing the number of recruited follicles in albino female mice rather than affecting the follicular steroidogenic function, and its induce multi follicle ovum forming. Similarly, it has positive affection on gonadotropene hormones, eventually it leads to a twin pregnancy. Combined c with appropriately timed IUI, Clomiphene citrate treatment also increases cycle fecundity in couples with unexplained infertility.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hyperandrogenism anovulatory infertility; it affects 510-% of females in the reproductive age. PCOS is a risk disease; it has an association with gynecological malignancy. Objectives: To determine whether Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) and Cancer Antigen 153-(CA153-) levels are increased in PCOS and possibility of CA125 and CA153- to be used as a diagnostic marker of PCOS. Methods: Seventyfemales with PCOS diagnosed depending on threecriteria: Menstrualhistoryofoligomenorrhea ultrasound examinations revealed polycystic ovaries and biochemical hyperandrogenism. Twenty normal fertile females serve as control group. Blood samples were obtained from all individuals from 2nd-4th day of menstrual cycle to measure levels of FSH, LH and testosterone.Second blood samples were collected from the same patients during late follicular phase to measure CA153- and CA125( by ELISA). Results: Females with PCOS and controls differed significantly(p< 0.05) in total serum testosterone (p). Females with PCOS and controls have highly significant difference (p < 0.001) in LH mean level (7.881.83+ vs 3.900.73+) respectivelyand, highly significant difference (p < 0.001) in LH/FSH ratio and BMI parameters. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in FSH, CA125 and CA153- between PCOS patients and the controls.There were positive correlation between testosterone and CA125.Negative correlation between testosterone and CA153- serum values. Conclusion: There were no changes in the serum levels of CA125andCA153- in PCOS patient at the age of reproduction and those cancer antigens could not be used as diagnostic markers for polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Poor ovarian responders (PORs) are characterized by decreased the response of the ovaries to stimulation. Nowadays, using soft protocol of low doses of Gn with/without oral compounds such as letrozole was accepted as a good option. The endometrium receptive parameters include sub endometrial resistance, pulsatility index and endometrial thickness. Eighty infertile POR women divided to two equal groups and undergoing IVF/ICSI antagonist protocols. One group underwent soft protocol using letrozole 2.5mg twice daily for 5 days starting from cycle day 2-3 overlapped low-dose Gn (225 IU) from cycle day 4-5. Other group received high dose Gn only (450 IU) from cycle day 2-3. Both groups continued stimulation cycle until the day of trigger using the flexible antagonist protocol. Estimation of values of sub endometrial RI and PI with endometrial thickness by 2 Color Doppler ultrasound was performed at day of trigger, OCP and ET. There was no significant difference for endometrial thickness at day of trigger, OCP and ET. There was significant difference in means of sub endometrial RI and PI at day of trigger, OCP and ET (P>0.05). This study showed evidence in favor of soft protocol for POR regarding pregnancy rates in spite of the statically difference in means of sub endometrial RI and PI associated with much less cost effectiveness.
Background: Recently the reproductive hormones, Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), activin A, and follistatin (FS) have been found to play an important role in folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and corpus luteum function by changing the pattern of granulosa cell expression which in turn affects the success of fertilization potential. Objectives: To examine the relation of in vivo concentrations of AMH, activin A, and FS hormones on the ovaries status in the phases of menstrual cycle and to elucidate the relationship of these hormones with pregnancy rate following intrauterine insemination(IUI). Materials and methods: Seventy seven infertile couples were recruited from infertility clinic population at the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies through the period from September 2011 to May 2012. Those infertile couples were divided to 3 groups according to the infertility cause (male factors causes, anovulatory causes and unexplained causes of infertility). Measurements of AMH, activin A, and FS hormones levels were done at cycle day (CD25-). Then measurements of activin A, and FS hormones levels were done only at preovulatory cycle(CD1214-) when the size of the Graffian follicle range between 1824-mm and at least one follicle was present and before hCG injection and at day 28 of the cycle (CD28). IUI was performed 3640- hours after hCG injection then measurement of the three hormones was performed after successful IUI. The result of successful pregnancy was recorded and statistical relation with AMH, activin A and FS hormones was assessed. Results: There was a positive significant correlation between endometrial thickness (ET) and pregnancy rate and the best ET to predict pregnancy is more than 7mm. There was no significant relation (P>0.05) between AMH level and pregnancy rate. A significant correlation was found between follistatin levels in preovulatory (CD 1214-) with a cutoff value 0.20ng/ml to predict pregnancy. There was a significant relation between activin-A level and pregnancy rate with a predictive cut off value 397.5 ng/ml on (CD 28) only. Conclusions: Activin-A can be regarded as a biomarker candidate for diagnosing very early pregnancy at luteal phase following IUI. Follistatin preovulatory (average CD13) has the most predictive value for pregnancy following IUI.
Kisspepetin is considered as a key regulator of reproduction, through its direct role in controlling the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis necessary for controlling the ovulatory process and indirectly by impacting glucose heamostasis and metabolism. We aimed to examin the correlation between body mass index and level of Kisspeptin in serum and follicular fluid. This study is a cross sectional study done on (80) infertile Iraqi patients aged (18-40 years) scheduled for fresh intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle. This study is conducted in the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies of Al-Naharin University, from September 2020 to May 2021. For each participant, the GnRH antagonist protocol was used to hyperstimulate the ovaries, and samples from serum and follicular fluid were obtained at day of oocytes retrieval for measuring Kisspeptin level using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) technique. Serum and follicular fluid Kisspeptin were insignificantly increasing with the increase in the BMI (p value =0.406) (p value = 0.352) respectively. Serum and follicular kisspetin were positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.536, p value= 0.000). Serum and follicular fluid kisspeptin were numerically increasing with the body mass index of infertile women, although this increament is statically insignificant, serum kisspeptin can be used as a mirror image to follicular fluid kisspeptin as there was a statistical association between them in this study.
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of hyperandrogenism anovulatory infertility; it affects 5-10% female reproductive age. The present study aims to investigate the total prostate specific antigen levels, total serum testosterone, FSH and LH in women with PCOS and compare the results with control group of normal fertile females of corresponding age group on Iraqis PCOS patients. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients with PCOS diagnosed depending on three criteria: Menstrual history: Oligomenorrhea, Ultrasound reveals polycystic ovaries and Biomedical and/ or clinical hyperandrogenism. Twenty normal fertile females who serve as control group in this study. Blood samples were aspirated from all individuals from 2-4 day of menstrual cycle to measure total prostate specific antigen(PSA), total testosterone and FSH, LH. Results: Patients with PCOS and controls differed significantly in PSA, Total serum testosterone (p<0.05). Patients with PCOS and controls have highly significant difference in LH level, the mean was (7.88±1.83 vs 3.90±0.73) respectively highly significant difference in LH/FSH ratio and BMI parameters (p<0.001). No significant differences were found in FSH (p>0.05). Positive correlation between PSA and testosterone, PSA and BMI. Conclusion: Total serum prostate specific antigen levels are higher in patient with PCOS. Total testosterone levels are higher in patient with PCOS. Serum PSA measurement might be marker of hyperandrogenism in females suffering from PCOS.
Background: Unlike sperm production in men which is continuous, women are born with all their eggs and they do not produce any more. Technique to bank eggs would allow girls and women to have the same reproductive options as men when faced with a serious disease and the long term complications of chemotherapies that threatens to destroy their eggs. Objective: The aim of this study is to improve the efficiency of existing ovarian cryopreservation, by following the most recent method named needle immersed vitrification (NIV) beside the slow freezing method. In this review we discussed also the historical description of the methods used, freezing and vitrification of mature and immature oocytes, this include comparison of principles, procedures and results as reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: A total of 285 fragments of human ovarian tissues were isolated and cryopreserved from 36 women aging 26 - 55 years old in the Reproductive Unit, Lubeck-Germany. Ovarian tissue strips of 1-3 mm thick of ovarian cortical biopsies obtained from patients. The collected human ovarian cortex fragments were assigned to two different cryopreservation procedures, slow-freezing and NIV. On the other hand, a total of 80 patients (100 cycles) with polycystic ovaries (PCO) were underwent in vitro maturation (IVM) treatment. The number of inspirated immature oocytes was 536. Vitrification of immature oocytes were carried out. Results: Successful freezing and storing were performed on 285 fragments of ovarian cortex tissue from 36 patients by two cryopreservation protocols as mentioned before but these tissues do not thaw and use yet. Concerning the IVM, the percentage of maturation, fertilization, survival, embryo transfer, and pregnancy rates were 55.2%, 44.5%, 96.2%, 88.1%, and 10.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Recent advances in freezing technology, modifications of conventional protocols used and continuing optimization of vitrification have efficiently improved the method. These results may lead to increase the possibility of preserving fertility by cryopreservation of ovarian tissue. Ovarian tissue banking can offer hope for cancer patients who want to safe guard their fertility against sterilizing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Immature oocytes can be successfully isolated from the oophorectomy specimen regardless of the day of menstrual cycle, and undergo IVM and cryopreservation.
Background: Elevated serum concentrations of testosterone is common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)but it'srelationto body mass in dex(BMI), isstillunknown. Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between testosterone level and body massindexin womenwith polycysticovary syndrome. Methods: A total of eighty PCOS women with average age 27.6±0.7 and BMI 31.9±0.5 were compared with twenty-two healthy women considered as a control group (age 28.2±1.1, BMI 28.8±1.0). Patients and controls were grouped according to (BMI: Lean, overweight and obese. Allwomen in both groups were subjected to the following investigations: evaluation of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH.), prolactin (PRL), testosterone levels and ultrasonography. Results: The serum levels of LH, LH/FSH and testosterone were significantly higher (P< 0.05) in PCOS compared to control women,while in FSH and PRL the difference was non significant. Obese women with PCOS also had a significantly higher (P<0.05) mean level of testosterone (1.33±0.28ng/ml) compared to lean and overweight patients (0.53±0.17, 0.61±0.08 ng/ml respectively). Uitrasound examination was performed in the ovulatory phase during (12-14) days of the cycle in both PCOS patients and controls, and all women with PCOS with evidence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasonography. Conclusion: Testosterone levelwas significantly elevated in obesecompared to overweightand lean women with PCOS.The role of weight reduction is more beneficial in the management of PCOS and improvementoftestosteronelevel.
Background: Oocyte vitrification is a promising technique. The choice of appropriate types and concentrations of cryoprotectants is essential for the success of the oocytes vitrification. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitrification on viability and morphology of oocytes and to compare the effect of several cryoprotectants on the viability and morphology of oocytes during vitrification and post-thawing. Methods: The sheep ovaries were collected from the local abattoir. Only normal and viable oocytes were included in this study. By using cryotop, immature oocytes that were viable with normal morphology were vitrified with 15% DMSO and 15% EG supplemented with 0.0 M, 0.25M, or 0.5 M of either sucrose or trehalose as control and treated groups. Oocytes viability and morphology were assessed post-aspiration and post-thawing. Results: Fromthe results of the present study, the percentage of post-thawing normal and viable oocyte reported with the use of 0.5M trehalose and EG in vitrification solution (VS) significantly)P<0.05) higher than the percentage of post-thawing normal and viable oocyte reported with use of 0.25 M trehalose and EG. Conclusion: Vitrification is simple technique and easy to perform but it needs some experience to prevent any oocyte loss during vitrification and thawing processing. The use of 0.5 M of either sucrose or trehalose in vitrification solution improves the percentage of post-thawing viable and normal oocytes.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common, yet complex, endocrine disorder with principal features of anovulation, amenorrhea, ovulation-related infertility, polycystic ovaries, and obesity. Number of metabolic aberrations is now well recognized as a growing public health problem in PCOS as glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia. Objective: To investigate and analyze the anthropometric, hormonal profile and metabolic abnormalities of obese and non-obese women with this disorder. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five healthy Iraqi women serves as the control group and eighty-four infertile women divided into two subgroups depending on the BMI (< and ≥30 kg/m2) were studied. BMI, waist to hip ratio and waist to thigh ratio were measured. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, testosterone, fasting blood glucose, and oral glucose tolerance test, and total lipid profile were measured. Results: BMI, waist/hip, waist/thigh ratio were significantly higher in PCOS than control women. Lower FSH level, higher LH and E2 levels, LH/FSH ratio, and lower E2/testosterone ratio was found in obese and non-obese PCOS. Higher blood sugar level, high cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and lower HDL levels in PCOS compared to control women. Conclusion: Obesity is a common finding of women with PCOS, but it is not part of the diagnostic criteria. Women with PCOS usually have the so-called centralobesity (Visceral adiposity), and therefore tend to have an increased waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist to thigh ratio, regardless of the weight factor (i.e., in obese and non-obese). PCOS patients exhibited abnormal hormonal status and biochemical indices also regardless of obesity.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavor enhancer in many foods. However, excessive consumption during pregnancy may adversely affect embryonic development and reproductive functions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal MSG consumption during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes and the reproductive system of female offspring in mice. Thirty adult pregnant female mice, aged 42–49 days, were used in this study. The animals were equally divided into two groups: an experimental group (G1) and a control group (G2). The experimental group received MSG extract orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water (D.W.) throughout the three weeks of pregnancy, whereas the control group received 1 ml of distilled water alone for the same duration. After delivery, litter size and litter weight were recorded. Forty days after birth, the weights of the female reproductive organs were measured, and the diameters of the ovaries and oviducts were assessed. In addition, blood samples were collected for the evaluation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels in both groups. The experimental group showed a significant reduction in litter size and a significant decrease in litter weight compared with the control group. Female offspring born to MSG- treated mothers also exhibited a significant decrease in reproductive organ weight, ovarian diameter, and oviduct diameter. Furthermore, significant reductions in the levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol were observed in the experimental group. Maternal consumption of MSG during pregnancy may negatively affect pregnancy outcomes and impair the development and function of the reproductive system in female offspring.