Amino acids have the role in the process of proteins synthesis. They are an essential source of nitrogen atoms that have a role in the pathways of synthetic reaction pathways. The carbon skeletons of the amino acids are the source of energy in addition to their role as precursors in the paths of interactions. The amino acids analysis for the brain of the quail bird in different stage of de-velopment (10-16 days of incubation) in addition to the hatching stage (17th day) and the adult. Materials and Methods: Amino Acids Analysis The amino acids were separated from the embryos and adult brains of the quail bird Coturnix coturnix and were diagnosed based on standard amino acids, using high perfor-mance liquid chromatographic device (H.P.L.C.). Results: The results revealed that there are 16 amino acid: Aspartic acid, Glutamine, Ser-ine, Histidine, Threonine, Glycine, Arginine, Alanine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Va-linine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine , Lysine, and the highest concen-tration of amino acid at age of [(13,13) days of incubation, adult, (13, 13, 16) days of incubation, adult, (13) days of incubation, adult, (13, 13, 11, 13, 13) days of incubation, adult, (13) days of incubation] respectively and the low concen-tration at age of [(14, 12, 10, 10,12,10,10,10,10, 14, 12, 12, 15, 10, 14, 10) days of incubation respectively]. Conclusions: It concluded from this that there was found 16 amino acid that were analyzed in the brains of the quail embryos at the stage (10-16) days of incubation and hatching stage (17) days of incubation and adult (Asp, Glu, Ser, His, Thr, Gly, Arg, Aln, Tyr, Cys, Val, Met, Ili, Leu, Phe, Lys, and Lys) the highest concentration of aging (13, 13, adult, 13, 13, 16, adult, 13, 13, 11, 13, 13, adult and 13) respectively, and less concentrated in ages (14, 12, 10, 10, 10, 10, 14, 12, 12, 15 10, 14, 10) days of incubation, respectively.
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) constitutes the most common endocrinopathy of women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS manifest hyperandrogenemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis aberrations. Objective: The objective of the present study was to find the prevalence and the presenting features of PCO patients and associated manifestations in relation to biochemical and anthropometric parameters in adult obese women attending obesity research and therapy unit. Methods: Patients diagnosed as PCOS according to Androgen Excess and PCOS Society/2009 criteria were grouped into two groups: those with BMI less than 30kg/m2 and those with BMI 30kg/m2 and more. Blood was drawn for biochemical and hormonal assay. Information tabulated, means and percentages used, and the results were analyzed. Results: The number of adult females 20-40 years of age attending Obesity research and therapy unit (ORTU) during February 2013 to February 2014 was 756, (14.3%) of them had PCOS, (65%) were diagnosed during examination. (94.4%) had menstrual disturbances, (63.8%) had hirsutism and (91.7%) had PCOS ultrasound findings. Mean BMI of the patients with PCOS was 33.62 (SD 4.21). Mean LH exceeded mean FSH in patients with PCOS and it was more evident with increasing BMI where it was doubled in those with BMI more than 30 kg/m2. LH/FSH ratio for BMI above 30 was 2.1, and although testosterone level was elevated showed no statistical relation to BMI. The fasting glucose level, cholesterol and triglycerides levels showed the same pattern of elevation that with increasing BMI. Conclusions: The prevalence of PCOS in females (20-40y) attending ORTU was 14%, of them 65% were undiagnosed before, 63% had hirsutism, 94% had menstrual disturbances and 90% had ultrasonic features of polycystic ovary. These findings suggest the need to stress on diagnosing PCOS in adult female during management of obesity.
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate (simply glutamate, water and sodium) and is widely used as food additive and as flavoring agent to increase appetite. The present study was to evaluate the effect of daily oral admiration of (MSG) (100mg/kg/day) for 30day on reproductive system of males and females Swiss albino mice. Forty albino mice weighting about (25-30kg) were used in the present study. The animal were divided in two groups: control group (10 males and 10 females)(n=20) and treated group(males and females) n=20.The body weight of the animals detected at the beginning and the end of experiment. At 30 days animals sacrificed and ovaries, uterus, testis were removed and weighted, Samples of ovaries, uterus testis fixed in 10%formaline for histological study. The final result show highly significant increase in the body weight and show significant decrease in the weight of ovaries and testis. The histological study in the treated group of testis show suppression of spermatogenesis, degenerate of seminiferous tubules and congestion of blood vessels. The histological changes in the ovaries such as congested blood vessels of medulla, increased atretic follicles and uterus show necrosis in perimetrium , presence of lacunae in the uterine wall structure . Conclusions: Monosodium glutamate has negative effect on reproductive system for each sex. So that will effect on the fertility .Also the increased body weight could lead to increase the incidence of congestive heart diseases and diabetes mellitus.
Background: Obesity has been defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health while the Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of the weight-to-height ratio that is commonly used in classifying overweight and obesity in adult populations. Many semen parameters alteration can be ascribed to obesity like decreased sperm concentration, abnormal morphology, compromised chromatin integrity and abnormal motility. Many evidences showed an adverse effect of excess body fat on spermatogenesis. Methods: A total sample size composed of (70)infertile men were grouped into three groups according to published BMI ranges as follows: normal weight, overweight and obese.A single semen sample was collected for each infertile men.Heightin (m) and weight in (kg) were recorded on day of semen collection.BMI was calculated as BMI= Kg\m2. Sperm parameters evaluated according to World Health Organization guidelines.Quantitation of the IL-6 in seminal plasma were accomplished using commercially available ELISA kit. Results: In the current study, a positive correlation was found between body mass index and IL-6, on the contrary, a significant negative correlation was found among IL-6 level and progressive sperm motility and sperm concentration as well. Conclusion: There is an increase of IL-6 from the adipose tissue with increasing BMI. The IL-6 cause reduction of the sperm motility by increasing the level of ROS. The obesity reduces the spermatogenesis by androgenic deficiency results in low sperm concentration and motilitywhich it may be the main reason of their infertility.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavor enhancer in many foods. However, excessive consumption during pregnancy may adversely affect embryonic development and reproductive functions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal MSG consumption during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes and the reproductive system of female offspring in mice. Thirty adult pregnant female mice, aged 42–49 days, were used in this study. The animals were equally divided into two groups: an experimental group (G1) and a control group (G2). The experimental group received MSG extract orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water (D.W.) throughout the three weeks of pregnancy, whereas the control group received 1 ml of distilled water alone for the same duration. After delivery, litter size and litter weight were recorded. Forty days after birth, the weights of the female reproductive organs were measured, and the diameters of the ovaries and oviducts were assessed. In addition, blood samples were collected for the evaluation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels in both groups. The experimental group showed a significant reduction in litter size and a significant decrease in litter weight compared with the control group. Female offspring born to MSG- treated mothers also exhibited a significant decrease in reproductive organ weight, ovarian diameter, and oviduct diameter. Furthermore, significant reductions in the levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol were observed in the experimental group. Maternal consumption of MSG during pregnancy may negatively affect pregnancy outcomes and impair the development and function of the reproductive system in female offspring.
Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal toxicant, present widely in our environment and workplaces.It is well known that cadmium causes adverse effects on male reproductive organs and reproductive functions in experimental animals. Objective: This experiment was designed to find out the effect of cadmium on some histological and hormonal parameters of the reproductive system of adult male rats. Methods: thirty mature albino male rat were used (Rattus rattus norvegicus albinus), as a mammalian model. these animals were divided into two groups, 15 rat / group after labeling them. The control group (G1) was orally administrated with distilled water during the 4 weeks period of the experiment and the experimental group (G2) was orally administrated with 20 ml cadmium chloride (200 mg/1L body weight) during the 4 weeks. First of all, the rat were anesthetized, after that blood aspiration using anesthetic cardiac puncture and the serum was separated and store at -20°C until assessment of FSH, LH and testosterone hormones. After that, the weight of reproductive organs (testis,epididymus and seminal vesicle) was recorded. These organs were fixed with 10% formal saline for histological study. Results: The statistical analysis shows a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in the weight of the testes and seminal vesicles when compared with control group. The results of the sperm parameters show a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in sperm concentration and a highly significant (p≤0.01) decrease in sperm motility in treated group as compared to control. The result of testicular sections in treated group shows a decrease in thickness of germ cells layer, widening of the central seminiferous tubules lumen and prominent germ cells population necrosis. Multiple vacuoles were seen within the tubules. Sertoli cells were abnormal in number and shape as compared to control. A peritubular fibrotic change had been seen also in the testicular sections. The result also shows a highly significant decrease in diameters of seminiferous tubules, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and increase in interstitial space when treated with cadmium compared with control group. The Levels of serum hormones shows a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the levels of testosterone and LH hormones mean in the treated group,while highly significant (ps0.01) increase in the FSH hormone mean in the treated group when compared to the levels mean of the hormone in the control group.. Conclusion: In conclusion, these findings suggest that cadmium administration with 20 ml cadmium chloride (200 mg/1L body weight) for 4 weeks during the adulthood induced damage in the reproductive organs and lead to impair the functions of sperm parameters and cause histological and hormonal alterations.
Background : progesterone used as a therapeutic agent in human pregnancy. The sufficient evidence to hypothesize that progesterone may have teratogeniceffect on the reproductive system of female offspring. Objectives: This study was established to explore the individual impact of differ ent doses of progesterone during intrauterine period on reproductive system of female mouse, and on some reproductive parameters. Materials and Methods: ninety adult female mice (8-10 weeks) and weight (25-28) gm divided into three groups. Control group (G1) was treated daily (IM) injection with sesame seed oilfrom 1-14 day of pregnancy, and other two groups that treated with different doses of progesterone G2 (0.4mg/kg. B.wt/day), G3 (0.8mg/kg. B.wt/day), daily (IM) injection of progesterone from 1-14 day of pregnancy then selecting of Female offspring and sacrificed at age zero day, one month, two month. Parameter analysis involvedanogenital distance , body and ovary weights, , length of epithelial cells, number and diameter of follicles (Primordial , Primary , Secondary and Mature antral) , corpus luteum and using histological section by (motic image plus) and hormonal assay including proges terone and Estrogen. Results: The results of this study demonstrated that at one month, two months after birth, there was a highly significant increase P< 0.01 in theanogenital dis tance . The statistical analysisshowed no statistical significant difference in the body and ovary weights , at one month after birth, The statistical analysisshowed highly statistically significant decreased(P< 0.01 ) in both G2 and G3 in the number of follicles . At one,two months after birth, there was a highly significant decreased (P< 0.01 ) in both G2 and G3 in the number ofcorpora lutea. At age two month, there was a highly significant decreased (P< 0.01 ) in both G2 and G3 in the height of epithelial cell layer.There was a highly significant decreased (P< 0.01 ) in both G2 and G3 in the diameter of follicles (Primordial , Primary , Secondary and Mature antral) follicles . There was a highly significant decreased (P< 0.01 ) in both G2 and G3 in Estrogen and Progesterone levelof female off spring when compared with the control group G1. Conclusion: The results showed higher doses of progesterone for long period in pregnancy can impact some reproductive parameters of female offspring mice. Keywords : Progesterone, corpora lutea, Estrogen,anogenital distance
Background: The functional and morphological development of the glomerlus is an essential part of nephrogenesis that takes place during Intra uterine life and early post-natal days. Objectives: To study the morphometric parameters of the maturation of the glomerular filtration slit of the kidney during neonatal period and its implication on the function of the kidney. Method: Rat litters are used as a mammalian model of the development during the first 8 days of post -natal life. Image analysis using Bell software system was used for morphmetric measurement of filtration silt as examined by electron microscope. Results: The width of the filtration slit of new born kidney was 11.24±1.6 nm which increased by increment to be 14.83±1.6 nm on 4th.post- natal day. Eventually reached 25.34±4.3 nm on day 8 post natally. Conclusions: In New Born litters, the glomerular filtration slit is narrower than that of mature kidney. Glomerular development continues to take place during first post natal week to reach the adult mature parameters at the end of neonatal period. This explains the low GFR found in new born mammals.
Background: Obesity, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health .The effects of obesity on male reproduction have been less well studied than those on female reproduction, but there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that obesity has an adverse effect on male reproduction However, a little is known about the effect of obesity on male reproductive system and infertility. Infertility is defined as inability to achieve conception within one year. It has not yet been clearly established how excess adiposity relates to the biological changes that underlie male infertility, although there are several theories worth exploring. The endocrine abnormalities associated with obesity in women are well known with an increase in androgen metabolism and changing in reproductive hormones in over weight and obese men. Objective: The study aim at assessing the role of obesity in infertile males through measurement of BMI, some of sex hormones. Methods: This study was carried out in Tikrit Teaching Hospital, on the adult male population aged 17-45 years, from September 2013 to April 2014. The recruited cases divided into 90 infertile obese male and 30 normal weights infertile as pathological control group and 30 normal weight fertile men as normal control group.The serum samples willed collect of the patients and measure the concentrations of the sex hormones (FSH, LH, INHB) by using ELISA technique. Body Mass Index Calculation Height (m) and weight (kg). Results: There was no significant correlation between BMI (30.1±93.45, 21.40±5.24,23.24±1.42)kg/m2 in patients group, pathological control group and control group and serum LH level (22.35±12.79, 19.31±9.94, 13.90±8.33) ml U/ml in all three group respectively. There was a significant negative correlation (P< 0.03) between BMI (23.24±1.42)kg/m2 and serum FSH level (7.10±3.77) ml U/ml, in control group. While there was no significant correlation between BMI (30.19±3.45,21.40 ±5.24) kg/m2 and serum FSH level (13.59±15.72, 11.58±14.06) ml U/ml in both patients' group and pathological control group respectively.There was no significant correlation between BMI (30.19±3.45, 21.40±5.24,23.2±1.42) kg/m2and serum INHB level in the patients group, pathological control group and control group (88.8±57.96, 108.51±78.39, 141.65±63.95) pg/ml respectively. Conclusions: The BMI did not correlated with some reproductive hormones (LH, FSH,INHB) in obese infertile males, but there was a significant correlation between the FSH and BMI in control group. In infertile obese group found the highest level of LH, FSH, and the lowest level of INHB comparing with other group in this study.