Background: The brain seems to be inherently feminine. Masculine characteristics of the structure and functions are imposed on developing CNS by the action of testicular hormones during a critical embryonic period. Testosterone is a prohoromone responsible for sexually dimorphic characteristics of the brain. A number of structural sex differences in the human brain have been reported, but their functional significance are less well established. Brain function in men appears to be more lateralized than women and this may be the reason that women are more likely than men to recover speech, after a stroke that damages cortical speech areas. Objective: this study examines the effects of testosterone on sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat spinal cord i.e. the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus muscle, which innervates two sexually dimorphic, androgen-sensitive perineal muscles that are active during copulation, the bulbocavernosus and levator ani. Methods: the study was performed on litters of albino rats. Their pregnant mothers received on embryonic days (E16-E20) subcutaneous injection of 2mg of testosterone propionate. The spinal nucleus of bulbocavernosus was examined in control group, female litters with and without prenatal testosterone injection. Results: It was demonstrated that perinatal injection of testosterone prevented the involution of spinal nucleus of bulbocavernosus in the female rats. Conclusions: It is concluded that androgens have a sparing effect on the motor neurons of this nucleus that prevent the developmental cell death of neuronal cells. The mechanism of the effects of androgen are discussed, whether it is through direct effect of androgen on motor neurons themselves, or indirect effect as a result of the androgen action on the target androgen-sensitive perineal muscles.
Amino acids have the role in the process of proteins synthesis. They are an essential source of nitrogen atoms that have a role in the pathways of synthetic reaction pathways. The carbon skeletons of the amino acids are the source of energy in addition to their role as precursors in the paths of interactions. The amino acids analysis for the brain of the quail bird in different stage of de-velopment (10-16 days of incubation) in addition to the hatching stage (17th day) and the adult. Materials and Methods: Amino Acids Analysis The amino acids were separated from the embryos and adult brains of the quail bird Coturnix coturnix and were diagnosed based on standard amino acids, using high perfor-mance liquid chromatographic device (H.P.L.C.). Results: The results revealed that there are 16 amino acid: Aspartic acid, Glutamine, Ser-ine, Histidine, Threonine, Glycine, Arginine, Alanine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Va-linine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine , Lysine, and the highest concen-tration of amino acid at age of [(13,13) days of incubation, adult, (13, 13, 16) days of incubation, adult, (13) days of incubation, adult, (13, 13, 11, 13, 13) days of incubation, adult, (13) days of incubation] respectively and the low concen-tration at age of [(14, 12, 10, 10,12,10,10,10,10, 14, 12, 12, 15, 10, 14, 10) days of incubation respectively]. Conclusions: It concluded from this that there was found 16 amino acid that were analyzed in the brains of the quail embryos at the stage (10-16) days of incubation and hatching stage (17) days of incubation and adult (Asp, Glu, Ser, His, Thr, Gly, Arg, Aln, Tyr, Cys, Val, Met, Ili, Leu, Phe, Lys, and Lys) the highest concentration of aging (13, 13, adult, 13, 13, 16, adult, 13, 13, 11, 13, 13, adult and 13) respectively, and less concentrated in ages (14, 12, 10, 10, 10, 10, 14, 12, 12, 15 10, 14, 10) days of incubation, respectively.
Stem cell factor (SCF) is one of the first growth factors derived from granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle plays a critical role in hematopoiesis and the generation of melanocytes and germ cells. SCF also serves an important role in the development of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the intestine and the learning functions in the hippocampal region of the brain. This study aimed to investigate the levels of SCF in follicular fluid (FF) and if it can be used as a potential marker for predicting oocyte, embryo quality, and pregnancy rate. A total of 44 infertile couples involved in the study. All of them underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for the ICSI cycle. Antagonist protocol was used as an ovulation induction protocol. Patients were divided into two groups according to ICSI outcomes as pregnant (23 women) and non-pregnant (21 women) groups. A comparison was done in both groups based on the oocyte, embryo quality, and other ICSI cycle characteristics, and follicular fluid stem cell factor level. SCF level was measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our study showed lack of association between patients' characteristics which included (age, BMI, infertility duration, type of infertility, and causes of infertility, basal hormonal, stimulation characteristics levels), FF SCF level and the oocyte characteristics comparison (total number retrieved oocyte, germinal vesicle oocyte (GV), MI oocyte and MII oocytes, and the number of injected oocytes, fertilization rate, and embryo characteristics) between pregnant and non-pregnant groups. The present study showed that Mean follicular fluid SCF was significantly lower in pregnant women in comparison with that of non-pregnant women, 135.92±38.96 pg/ml versus 185.15±63.58 pg/ml, respectively (P=0.003). Raised SCF level in FF harms ICSI outcome.