Cover
Vol. 9 No. 1 (2019)

Published: November 30, 2019

Pages: 52-67

Research Article

Comparative Study Between the Explained and Unexplained Patient Women with Recurrent Miscarriage

Abstract

Recurrent miscarriage can be defined as two or more consequence unsuccessful clinical pregnancies and confirmed by ultrasonography or histopathological examination and consider the most common clinical complications reproduction, and it affects (2%–5%) of reproduction couple. The present study included 140 women who were already diagnosed with recurrent miscarriage. Following complete clinical workup, including history, examination and investigations, enrolled women were classified into two main subgroups, explained group ( n = 85) and unexplained group ( n = 55). In this study, the result showed no significant difference found between the two subgroups explained and unexplained regarding age and the body mass index. In the obstetric history characteristics of women enrolled in the current study, there is no significant difference between the explained and unexplained group according to gravity, parity, and the number of abortions. Additionally, no significant difference according to gestational age and types of abortion but found significant in the type of complete abortion between the explained and unexplained group. Results showed that recurrent miscarriage rates increased in women with positive anti-phospholipids, in addition, a significant difference in the type of complete abortion between the explained and unexplained group of recurrent miscarriage women.

References

  1. McNamara K, Meaney S, O’Connell O, McCarthy M, Greene RA, O’Donoghue K. Healthcare professionals’ response to intrapartum death: a cross-sectional study. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. Springer Nature; 2017;295(4):845–52. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404- 017-4309-9 [PubMed] [Springer Link].
  2. de Bernis L, Kinney MV, Stones W, ten Hoope-Bender P, Vivio D, Leisher SH, Bhutta ZA, Gülmezoglu M, Mathai M, Belizán JM, Franco L. Stillbirths: ending prevenTable deaths by 2030. The Lancet. Elsevier BV; 2016;387(10019):703–16. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140- 6736(15)00954-x [PubMed] [The Lancet]
  3. Chetty R, Hendren N. The impacts of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility I: Childhood exposure effects. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford University Press (OUP); 2018;133(3):1107–62. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy007 [OxFord Academic]
  4. Agenor A, Bhattacharya S. Infertility and miscarriage: common pathways in manifestation and management. Women's health. SAGE Publications; 2015;11(4):527–41. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/whe.15.19 [PubMed] [SAGE]
  5. Costantino M, Guaraldi C, Costantino D. Resolution of subchorionic hematoma and symptoms of threatened miscarriage using vaginal alpha lipoic acid or progesterone: clinical evidences. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2016;20(8):1656-63. [PubMed] [EurRev]
  6. Jurkovic D, Overton C, Bender-Atik R. Diagnosis and management of first trimester miscarriage. Bmj. 2013;346:f3676. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3676 [PubMed] [BMJ]
  7. Jurkovic D, Valentin L, Vyas S. Gynaecological ultrasound in clinical practice: ultrasound imaging in the management of gynaecological conditions. Cambridge University Press; 2009; Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107 784703 [Cambridge University Press] [CrossRef]
  8. McNamara K, Meaney S, O’Connell O, McCarthy M, Greene RA, O’Donoghue K. Healthcare professionals’ response to intrapartum death: a cross-sectional study. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. Springer Nature; 2017;295(4):845-52. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404- 017-4309-9 [PubMed] [Springer Link]
  9. Morris A, Meaney S, Spillane N, O’Donoghue K. The postnatal morbidity associated with second- trimester miscarriage. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. Informa UK Limited; 2016;29(17):2786-90. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2 015.1103728 [PubMed] [Taylor&Francis]
  10. Brandt JS, Cruz Ithier MA, Rosen T, Ashkinadze E. Advanced paternal age, infertility, and reproductive risks: A review of the literature. Prenatal diagnosis. Wiley; 2019;39(2):81-7. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.5402 [PubMed] [Wiley]
  11. Wang Q, Cao Z, Qu Y, Peng X, Guo S, Chen L. Residential exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields and the association with miscarriage risk: a 2-year prospective cohort study. PLoS One. Public Library of Science (PLoS); 2013;8(12):e82113. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone .0082113 [PubMed] [PLoS One]
  12. Sahu B, Oztutrk O, Serhal P, Jayaprakasan K. Do ovarian reserve tests predict miscarriage in women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. Elsevier BV; 2010;153(2):181-4. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.201 0.08.020 [PubMed] [Elsevier]
  13. Vissenberg R, Van Dijk MM, Fliers E, van der Post JA, van Wely M, Bloemenkamp KW, Hoek A, Kuchenbecker WK, Verhoeve HR, Scheepers HC, Rombout-de Weerd S. Effect of levothyroxine on live birth rate in euthyroid women with recurrent miscarriage and TPO antibodies (T4- LIFE study). Contemporary clinical trials. Springer Science and Business Media LLC; 2015;44:134-8. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13044-019- 0066-0 [PubMed] [BMC]
  14. Ticconi C, Giuliani E, Sorge R, Patrizi L, Piccione E, Pietropolli A. Gestational age of pregnancy loss in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. Wiley; 2016;42(3):239-45. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jog.12903 [PubMed] [Wiley]
  15. Dobson SJ, Jayaprakasan KM. Aetiology of recurrent miscarriage and the role of adjuvant treatment in its management: a retrospective cohort review. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Informa UK Limited; 2018;38(7):967-74. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2 018.1424811 [PubMed] [Taylor&Francis]
  16. Marquard K, Westphal LM, Milki AA, Lathi RB. Etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss in women over the age of 35 years. Fertility and sterility. Elsevier BV; 2010;94(4):1473-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.201 6.01.001 [CrossRef] [Fer&Ster]
  17. Cavalcante MB, Sarno M, Peixoto AB, Araujo Junior E, Barini R. Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. Wiley; 2019;45(1):30-8. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jog.13799 [PubMed] [Wiley]
  18. Jaslow CR, Carney JL, Kutteh WH. Diagnostic factors identified in 1020 women with two versus three or more recurrent pregnancy losses. Fertility and sterility. Elsevier BV; 2010;93(4):1234-43. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2 009.01.166 [PubMed] [Elsevier]
  19. Allison JL, Schust DJ. Recurrent first trimester pregnancy loss: revised definitions and novel causes. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health); 2009;16(6):446-50. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013 e3283327fc5 [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  20. Ashaat N, Husseiny A. Correlation between missed abortion and insertional translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 7. Iranian journal of reproductive medicine. 2012;10(1):15. Doi: [PubMed] [IJRM] Biography Zahrah Saleh Mahdi Ali She was born in Samawah, Iraq in 1990. B.Sc. of Biology science in 2012 from Al Muthanna University-College of science. Currently, she is an M.Sc. student in Applied Embryology at Al- Nahrain University, the High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Dr. Mohammad Oda Selman He is a professor of Applied Embryology in the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and ART, Al-Nahrain University. He has more than 67 published articles both local and international. He supervised many M.Sc. and Ph.D. students. Dr. Shiemaa M. Mohammad She was born in Samawah, Iraq in 1976. She received the B.Sc. of Medicine in 1999 from Al Mustansiriya University, the Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics in 2006 from the University of Baghdad, and the Iraqi Board in Gynaecology and Obstetrics, in 2007. Currently, she is a staff member at the College of Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, AlMuthanna, Iraq. How to cite: Mahdi ZS, Selman MO, Mohammad SM. Comparative Study Between the Explained and Unexplained Patient Women with Recurrent Miscarriage; Iraqi Journal of Embryos and Infertility Researches (IJEIR), (2019); 9(1): 52-67. Doi: http://doi.org/10.28969/IJEIR.v9.i1.r4 © 2019 Author(s)